Vocab 11

Genetics

a branch of biology that deals with the heredity and variation of organisms

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/genetics

True-breeding

offspring of name genes from mother and father

Trait

an inherited characteristic

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trait

Hybrid

an offspring of two animals or plants of different races, breeds, varieties, species, or genera

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hybrid

Gene
a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gene

Alleles
either of a pair of alternative Mendelian characters (as smooth and wrinkled seed in the pea)
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alleles

Segregation

the separation of allelic genes that occurs typically during meiosis

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/segregation

Gamete

a mature male or female germ cell usually possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of initiating formation of a new diploid individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gamete

Probability
the ratio of the number of outcomes in an exhaustive set of equally likely outcomes that produce a given event to the total number of possible outcomes

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/probability

Punnett Square


an n × n square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/punnettsquare

Homozygous


having the two genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes identical for one or more loci

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homozygous

Heterozygous

having the two alleles at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes different for one or more loci

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterozygous

Phenotype

the observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phenotype

Genotypes

all or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geneotypes

Homologous

having the same or allelic genes with genetic loci usually arranged in the same order

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homologous

Diploid

having two haploid sets of homologous chromosomes



http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diploid

Haploid

having the gametic number of chromosomes typically including one of each pair of homologous chromosomes

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/haploid

Meiosis
the presentation of a thing with underemphasis especially in order to achieve a greater effect

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meiosis

Tetrad



a group or arrangement of four: as a: a group of four cells produced by the successive divisions of a mother cell

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tetrad

Crossing-Over

an interchange of genes or segments between homologous chromosomes

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crossing-over

Gene Map structure of genese loctated in places

1) a

2)c

3)c

4)c

5)a

6)a

7)b

8)b

9)a

10)a

1) The chemicals that regulate the cell regulate the speed that a cell grows.
2) When a cell doesnt respond to a chemical signal then a tumoir grows.
3) Cells contact othe cell by sending chemical messages
4) Cancer can be considered a disease of a cell because it spreads throught the body.
5) If cyclin was injected into a cell during mitosis it would casue cancer because of uncontrolled growth.

10-2

1) G1 phase, S phase, G2, M phase
2) G1 phase cells grow and increase in size.
S phase chromosomes are replicated and the sythesisof DNA molecules
G2 organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.
M phase mitosis begins . the cell splits in to two daughter cells.
3) During interphase the cell replicates its centrioles and DNA
4) Chromiososmes are made up off DNA
5) Prokaryotic cells divide by being pintch in the center
6) Cytokinesis is similar in plant cells and animal cells becaus ethey both split into two new cells. It is defferent because one doesnt have a cell wall

10-1

1) Cells divide to decrease surface area so things can be transported easyer and to reproduce.
2) DNA is a like books in the library because its full of genetic codes
3) The solution to the problem cause by sell growth is to split it into two cell so the volume to surface are is smaller.
4) As cell size ioncrease the volume increases faster than the surface area.
5)4cm *4cm* 6= 96 cm2
4cm*4cm*4cm=64 cm3
96cm2/64cm3=3/2

My name is Albert Einstien 1. I like to skate board and snowboard. I think Colorado is the coolest place on the planet. Life is about happiness and peace.

Definitions

cell division- The process in reproduction and growth by the division of a cell

chromatid-One of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis

centromere- A condensed region of a chromosomes that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape.

interphase-A phase of the cell cycle, defined only by the absence of cell division

cell cycle- The stages in which a cell undergoes mitosis

mitosis- Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0123260/basic%20knowledge/images/basic%20knowledge/cell%20division/mitosis.gif

prophase- Beginning phase of mitosis or meiosis

centriole- One of two small cylindrical cell organelles composes of 9 triplet microtubules; form the asters during mitosis

spindle- tiny fibers that are seen in cell division; the fibers radiate from two poles and meet at the equator in the middle

metaphase-The second stage of mitosis and meiosis

anaphase- The stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

telophase- The final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

cytokinesis- The division of a eukaryotic cell. Cytokinesis generally follows the replication of the cell's chromosomes, usually mitotically, but sometimes meiotically.

cyclin- Molecule that regulates the cell cycle

cancer-Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division;


All definitions are found in http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/

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